Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación cientíca, vol 5, No. 36
Enero-marzo 2021. e-ISSN 2550-6862. págs 1-16
DOI: 10.31876/er.v5i36.775
1
Recibido: 03 de marzo de 2020
Aprobado: 17 de octubre de 2021
Cite this:
Morales, C., Radicelli, C., & Pomboza, M. (2021). Data
analysis tools for the study of scientic citations.
Espirales. Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación
cientíca, 5(36), 1-16.
Data analysis tools for the study of scientic
citations*
Herramientas de análisis de datos para el estudio de las citaciones cientícas
Cristian Morales Alarcón**, Ciro Radicelli García***, Margarita Pomboza Floril****
Abstract
This research work made a study of scientic citations,
with the aim of identifying aspects that may inuence the
citations of a higher educational institution. We analyzed
219 records of publications of the National University of
Chimborazo and 10304 records of manuscripts from
Ecuador. This work had a qualitative approach and a
systemic design. As a result, it was found that the impact
of scientic publications is reected by the number of
citations that have the documents published by the
higher education institutions; in this sense, publications
with larger citations are not related to the number of
authors or volume of the published magazine, but they are
supported by a quality research and correspond mostly
to applied sciences.
Key words: Scientic publications, analysis of data,
research methodology, higher education, quality in
education.
*
Original article derived from the project: “Design
of strategies for continuous improvement in
academic and research management at UNACH,
using data mining techniques.”
**
Master in Information Systems Management and
Business Intelligence. Agricommerce Cía. Ltda.,
Riobamba, Ecuador.
E-mail: cristianmorales18m@gmail.com.
ORCID: 0000-0002-0197-0581.
Google Scholar
***
PhD in Telecommunications. Universidad Nacional
de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador.
E-mail: cradicelli@unach.edu.ec.
ORCID: 0000-0001-9188-0514.
Google Scholar
****
PhD in Design, Manufacturing and Management
of Industrial Projects. Universidad Nacional de
Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador.
E-mail: margaritapomboza@unach.edu.ec.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4820-493X.
Google Scholar
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Data analysis tools for the study of scientic citations
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Enero-marzo 2021. e-ISSN 2550-6862. págs 1-16
Resumen
Este trabajo de investigación realizó un estudio de citaciones cientícas
con el objetivo de identicar aspectos que puedan inuir en las
citaciones de una institución de educación superior. Se analizaron 219
registros de publicaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo
y 10304 registros de manuscritos del Ecuador. Este trabajo tuvo un
enfoque cualitativo y un diseño sistémico. Como resultado se obtuvo
que el impacto de las publicaciones cientícas se ve reejado por
el número de citas que tienen los documentos publicados por las
instituciones de educación superior; en este sentido las publicaciones
con mayores citas no se encuentran relacionadas al número de autores
ni al volumen de la revista publicada sino a una investigación de calidad
y corresponden en su mayoría a ciencias aplicadas.
Palabras clave: publicaciones cientícas, análisis de datos, metodología
de investigación, educación superior, calidad en la educación.
Introduction
At present, the explosion, assimilation and intensive use of knowledge has led to what has been
called the knowledge society, in which the management of information, documentation and
knowledge are emerging as a strategic component in the Institutions of Higher Education (HEI).
In this sense, in the HEI of Ecuador from the year 2003, self-evaluation, evaluation and
institutional recategorization processes are executed, directed by the Council for Evaluation,
Accreditation and Quality Assurance of Higher Education (CEAACES for its acronym in Spanish),
now Higher Education Quality Assurance Council (CACES for its acronym in Spanish), which
have led to quality measurements in different areas among which are considered those
related to the scientic production of knowledge of both teachers and students belonging to
research groups. Here it is specically analyzed the number of publications in journals with
high global impact, the production of regional impact and the publication of books and book
chapters (CEAACES, 2018), which is contemplated in the Institutional Evaluation Model of
Universities and Polytechnic Schools.
High-impact scientic publications refer to the quality indicator (Radicelli et al., 2018), which
in turn is measured by the number of publications in indexed journals of the ISI Web of
Knowledge and SCImago scientic databases Journal Rank (Ganga, Paredes, & Pedraja, 2015).
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Cristian Morales Alarcón, Ciro Radicelli García, Margarita Pomboza Floril
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación cientíca, vol 5, No. 36
Enero-marzo 2021. e-ISSN 2550-6862. págs 1-16
In addition, the number of citations that scientic articles published in a specic journal have
at a given time is considered, so in order to measure said quality, there are entities such as
the Institute for Scientic Information (ISI), attached to the company Thomson Reuters, that
uses the Journal Citation Report (JCR), which is nothing more than a database that presents
detailed gures about publications and their citations. However, in addition to the JCR index,
there are other databases that measure the quality of published documents, such as Scopus,
which is attached to Elsevier, and which is mainly run by the SCImago research group of
Spain (Valderrama, 2012), which use the SCImago Journal and Country Rank (SJR) and the
SCImago Institutions Ranking (SIR) as indicators.
The volumes of data that are stored in databases, allow a complete processing of the
information, for which it works in phases such as pre-processing, data mining itself and the
post-processing of said information. In this sense, to facilitate the retrieval and delivery of
information carried out by personnel who work with large volumes of data, such as librarians,
the horizons have been opened towards other professions that are called to cooperate, thus
we now have designers systems, data providers, publishers, vendors, archivists, engineers
and specialists in electronic text encoding, among others; whose opinions and experiences
will allow the development of adequate interfaces to facilitate the location, manipulation,
retrieval and use of digital information.
In reference to the aforementioned, Valcárcel (2004) mentions that the “minería de datos” (or
commonly called Data Mining), refers to the process of extracting knowledge from databases,
with the aim of discovering anomalous and/or interesting situations, as well as trends, patterns
and sequences in the data. For their part, Molina and Ribiero (2001) clarify that mining is the
integration of a set of areas whose purpose is to identify knowledge obtained from databases
that provide a bias towards decision-making. Likewise, Molina (2002) indicates that data mining
is a non-trivial process of valid, novel, potentially useful and understandable identication of
understandable patterns that are hidden in the data.
Thus, for this purpose, new tools have been created in order to facilitate access to the
accumulation of information that is generated daily, one of the most used being text mining,
which offers the possibility of exploring large amounts of non-organized texts, in addition
to establishing patterns and extracting useful knowledge. Text mining then refers to the
examination of a collection of documents in order to discover information that is not explicit
in the analyzed text (Nasukawa, Kawano, & Arimura, 2001).
The importance of text mining lies in the effectiveness of its predictive models, which have
saved time and money; as well as the improvement of the capacity to respond to the needs
of the interested parties, it is thus that the use of computer tools used for the discovery and
processing of information will improve the knowledge management process.
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Data analysis tools for the study of scientic citations
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It is also important to mention that information constitutes, under current conditions, an
economic resource highly valued not only for its intrinsic properties, but also because it allows
the improvement of the use of the rest of the resources of the organizations, therefore the
search of regularities or patterns found in a text, based on machine learning techniques, are of
great help for the discovery of knowledge that does not exist in the text, but that arises when
relating the content of several texts.
All these applications are perfectly transferable, for example, to the management of information
that occurs within the libraries of the HEI, which are called upon to resize the function of the
entity, both inside and outside of it. Thus, there are numerous and multiple approaches to a
denition of the text mining knowledge management tool, where it is intended to use machine
learning techniques, considered one of the many branches of computational linguistics, in
order to nd the patterns previously mentioned generally in unstructured texts such as those
commonly used by organizations, such as reports, emails, meeting minutes, among others,
that is, information stored in unstructured textual form.
This work focused on analyzing scientic publications and their respective citations, considering
the information registered in the Scopus database, both in the case of UNACH, and for scientic
publications made in Ecuador, this considering a period of approximately 6 years (2013 to
2019), for which data analytics and text mining tools were used in order to identify aspects
that may inuence citations from a HEI.
Materials and Methods
This work had a qualitative approach due to the fact that signicant research areas or topics
were determined, where to discover, rene and answer the research questions, the data collection
and analysis was rst carried out. This work followed a systemic design which was also
based on the CRISP-DM data mining methodology, since it highlights the use of steps which
are followed in an order until the desired end is reached. In the context of this research, the
methodological process detailed below was followed:
(i) data collection and analysis: For data collection, the Scopus scientic database was used
to obtain UNACH publications, as well as the scientic publications made in Ecuador, the
aforementioned was done using the period from 2013 to 2019. For this purpose, only journal
articles and book chapters were considered, below, the search strings used are shown:
AFFILORG (Chimborazo) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ip”) OR
LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (AF-ID, “Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo”
60108604) OR LIMIT-TO (AF-ID, “National University of Chimborazo” 114160995) OR LIMIT-
TO (AF-ID, “National University of Chimborazo” 118104741) OR LIMIT-TO (AF-ID, “Universidad
Nacional de Chimborazo” 119728963)).
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Cristian Morales Alarcón, Ciro Radicelli García, Margarita Pomboza Floril
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AFFILCOUNTRY (“Ecuador”) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”)
OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ip”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2020) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,
2019) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2018) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2017) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,
2016) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2015) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2014) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,
2013)) AND (EXCLUDE (PUBYEAR, 2020)).
The analytical and synthetic methods were also used, because the study of the information
provided will allow, through the analysis of the information, to synthesize the behavior of the
study phenomenon.
(ii) Data preparation: It was carried out through an exploratory investigation, because specic
aspects related to the citations were analyzed both in UNACH in particular, as well as in
Ecuador in general. In addition, the necessary elds for the respective analyzes were chosen
and aspects of data quality were corrected, in terms of incomplete, missing, or erroneous data.
(iii) Preliminary descriptive analysis of the data: Descriptive research was used in order to
represent the data found and observe their behavior through tables and graphs. A deductive
method was also applied, because after a stage of repeated observation, analysis and
classication of the particular facts, generic computational models were obtained for future
application. On the other hand, to perform the analysis of the data of the scientic publications
of UNACH and Ecuador, the QlikView software was used, which is a tool that allows advanced
data visualizations, but also the mining text tools Andatos and WordStat.
(iv) Correlational analysis of the quantitative variables: For which the databases returned by
Scopus were examined.
(v) Text mining analysis: Corresponding to the data related to the citations of UNACH in
particular and of Ecuador in general.
(vi) Scientic induction: Due to the fact that when analyzing the data obtained in a particular way,
methodological aspects were derived in order to increase the number of citations. Explanatory
research was also used for this work, since it is intended to nd the causes that originate the
phenomenon.
Results
Once the data had been collected from the Scopus scientic database, the following phases
were developed: (i) transformation, where the lter and copy of the elds is carried out; (ii)
cleaning, where erroneous values are eliminated and subsequently replaced; and (iii) generation,
where new variables useful for the study are generated.
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Data analysis tools for the study of scientic citations
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Descriptive analysis
With the databases ready for the study, a descriptive analysis was carried out using the QlikView
software, using a total of 219 records corresponding to the scientic manuscripts published
by UNACH research staff in the period 2013 to 2019, obtaining a total of 217 journal articles
and only two book chapters.
Figure 1 describes the number of citations of UNACH in Scopus by type of document, here
it can be observed that the journal articles represent 99.68 % of the total of the historical
citations of the University, in contrast to the chapters of books that correspond only to 0.32 %.
Figure 1. Number of citations of UNACH in Scopus by type of document. Source: author’s own elaboration.
Figure 2 shows the history of the scientic publications produced by UNACH, where a growing
trend is observed in the number of works, its largest year of production being 2018 with 70
publications, in contrast to 2013 in which there was only one published manuscript. It should
be noted that so far in 2019 there are already 19 papers belonging to Scopus.
Figure 2. History of the number of scientic publications of UNACH in SCOPUS. Source: author’s own
elaboration.
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Cristian Morales Alarcón, Ciro Radicelli García, Margarita Pomboza Floril
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación cientíca, vol 5, No. 36
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In contrast to the number of scientic publications produced by UNACH, the historical number
of citations does not correspond to a growing trend. Figure 3 shows that for 2015 the number
of citations reached 327, which represents the highest value in the graph; in contrast to 2013,
which only had 17 citations. When analyzing this graph, it can also be inferred that the number
of citations depends on the quality of the publications and not on the number of effective
publications. Thus, for example, for the year 2014, with only 13 publications, 72 citations were
obtained; while, with the 70 publications of 2018, there were only 19 citations.
Figure 3. History of the number of citations of the scientic publications of UNACH. Source: author’s own
elaboration.
Of a total of 219 scientic publications of UNACH, 58.9 % have not been cited even once,
that is, more than half of the manuscripts of the institution indexed in Scopus have not
generated the expected expectation in the research community worldwide; on the other
hand the remaining 41.10 %, corresponding to 90 publications have been cited at least once.
This is represented in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Percentage of UNACH publications that have obtained citation. Source: author’s own elaboration.
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Correlational analysis
Next, a correlational analysis of the quantitative variables was carried out through the RapidMiner
software, which could inuence the number of citations of the documents, rstly, the number
of citations vs. the number of authors was considered (Figure 5), in order to nd out if the
self-citations could have inuenced the number of citations; however, there is no relevant
correlation between these two variables. Two atypical values have also been found, the rst
referring to the publications that stand out in relation to the rest of the manuscripts, where
the correlation has been veried with the data of all the scientic publications of Ecuador
(10304 records). And the second considering that the number of authors with citations of
zero amounts to a gure of up to 2.314.
Figure 5. Correlation between the variables, number of citations vs. number of authors. Source: author’s own
elaboration.
In addition, a correlation was made between the number of citations vs. the number of the
volume of the journal in which the publication was made (Figure 6). In this case, it has been
considered that the second variable can affect the visibility of research papers as well as
the number of citations. This correlation has been veried with the data of all the scientic
publications of Ecuador, in which a relevant relationship has not been observed, due to the
fact that in a large number of volumes (9386) there are zero citations.
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Cristian Morales Alarcón, Ciro Radicelli García, Margarita Pomboza Floril
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Figure 6. Correlation between the variables, number of citations vs. number of the journal volume. Source:
author’s own elaboration.
Text mining analysis
Through the WordStat tool, a word cloud was generated in which it is observed that the topics
on which the academic staff of UNACH have published most frequently are education and
health, followed by studies related to physical activity and computer systems.
In Figure 7 it can be seen that the topic of education tops the list with the highest number of
publications, in addition to having a high number of papers that do not obtain any citation (23
manuscripts). It should be noted that only two publications have a high number of citations, 11
and 13 respectively, this out of a total of 35 citations, that is, 4 % of the total scientic papers
have generated 69 % of citations. Similarly, of the 219 UNACH publications analyzed, only 19
papers present citations with an index greater than 10, which represents 416 citations out of
a total of 617, that is, 9 % of publications have generated 67 % of citations.
Figure 7. Crosstab of the topics with the highest occurrence of publications and number of citations. Source:
author’s own elaboration.
Figure 8 shows the correlation between the publications (cases) and the number of citations,
here values can be seen that stand out from the rest of the topics that one might think appear
more frequently. In this sense, Table 1 shows the keywords that have the highest citation index
and that also have to do with applied sciences. Table 2 shows the scientic publications with
the highest number of citations in UNACH, while Table 3 shows the publications with the
highest number of citations in Ecuador.
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Figure 8. Topics found with the highest citation vs. the number of appearances in the cases. Source: author’s
own elaboration.
Table 1. Ranking of words by number of citations
Topic Citations Nº
Properties 57
Oxidative 55
Mechanical 52
Fabrics 50
Fuel 50
Microbial 50
Testing 50
Textiles 50
Natural 49
Cell 42
Source: author’s own elaboration.
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Table 2. Ranking of articles in the publications of UNCH
Nº Article title Number of citations
1 Strawberry as a health promoter: An evidence-based review 94
2
Development of durable cementitious composites using sisal and ax fabrics
for reinforcement of masonry structures
34
3
Physical and oxidative stability of whey protein oil-in-water emulsions produced
by conventional and ultra high-pressure homogenization: Effects of pressure
and protein concentration on emulsion characteristics
32
4
Effects of fabric parameters on the tensile behaviour of sustainable cementitious
composites
26
5
Flax and polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole cementitious composites for the
strengthening of masonry elements subjected to eccentric loading
24
6
Municipal waste liquor treatment via bioelectrochemical and fermentation
(H2+CH4) processes: Assessment of various technological sequences
23
7
Relative importance of phenotypic trait matching and species’ abundances in
determining plant–Avian seed dispersal interactions in a small insular community
22
8
Lipophilic antioxidants prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial
dysfunction through mitochondrial biogenesis improvement
19
10
Single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) with a cathodic microalgal biolm:
A preliminary assessment of the generation of bioelectricity and biodegradation
of real dye textile wastewater
18
11
Uncontacted Waorani in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve: Geographical Validation
of the Zona Intangible Tagaeri Taromenane (ZITT)
17
Source: author’s own elaboration.
Table 3. Ranking of articles in publications from all over Ecuador
Nº Article title
Number of
citations
1 The International Classication of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version) 3595
2
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled
analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
1100
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Nº Article title
Number of
citations
3
Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: Analysis of individual data for 25
676 887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)
841
4
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for
328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for
the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
630
5 Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with ve key features 545
6
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from
1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in
128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults
422
7
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural,
environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016:
A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
407
8 Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree ora 407
9
Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and
transgender women who have sex with men: A cohort study
382
10
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases
and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-
2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
354
Source: author’s own elaboration.
Discussion
Data mining is an exploitation mechanism, consisting of the search for valuable information
in large volumes of data, which is known as Big Data; in this sense its algorithms aim to extract
valuable information for the making of decisions (Botta-Ferret, & Cabrera-Gato, 2007), and if
it is also considered that organizations have mostly unstructured data, rather than structured
data, text mining is justied due to the advantages it can provide when it comes to improve
the productivity of the data obtained (Pérez, & Cardoso, 2010).
Despite the fact that data mining has been used in eminently technical or business areas,
according to the authors of this research, it is undoubted that the future of education in general
will have to use, and is in fact using, methods of data analysis to improve the eciency and
effectiveness of its processes. And it is precisely that one of the most important and used
methods for this purpose is data mining, with the aim of making sense of the large amount
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Cristian Morales Alarcón, Ciro Radicelli García, Margarita Pomboza Floril
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of information that is currently stored (Riquelme, Ruiz, & Gilbert, 2006). In this sense, initially
data mining was used in elds such as computing (Jaramillo, Cardona, & Fernández, 2015),
health (González, & Pérez, 2013), business branches (Gordillo, Martínez, & Sthepens, 2012),
construction (Castro et al., 2014), and even on issues as specic as the detection and prevention
of money laundering and the nancing of terrorism. But today its use in the educational eld
has become very fashionable, and as they describe it Márquez, Romero and Ventura (2012),
it is a “very promising solution […] in education” (p. 45).
When speaking then of data mining in education, there are various studies, among which
are from the investigation of learning patterns (Ballesteros, Sánchez, & García, 2013), going
through the extraction of student dropout proles (Timarán, Calderón, & Jiménez, 2013), until
reaching such particular topics as the use of data mining for the enrollment process in private
higher education institutions (Estrada et al., 2016).
In the correlation analysis carried out to the number of citations with respect to the number
of authors and the volume of the journals, although there is no relevant relationship, said
correlation allowed to discover publications that stood out with a high number of citations,
which leads to think that certain areas of study and publications are more sought after for
the purposes of citation.
In addition, the text mining carried out on the basis of keywords of UNACH publications, allowed
to corroborate that there were factors that determine the number of citations; in this sense
it could be observed that several areas had a high number of citations, especially those that
belonged to applied sciences.
Conclusions
Scientic publications are part of the educational and especially university work, where the
impact of said publications is reected by the number of citations that scientic documents
published in HEI have, thus the increase in publications in UNACH and in Ecuador in general is
considerable; however this increase alone is not enough, and should be accompanied by the
number of citations, that is, the published works generate expectations in the world research
community. In this analysis, it was possible to observe research works that have never been
cited despite the fact that they were published a few years ago. Thus, the publications with
the highest citations are not related to the number of authors or the volume of the published
journal, but are supported by quality research of several years and correspond mostly to
applied sciences.
In addition, for an academic work to generate the desired interest, HEI in Ecuador should
implement strategies that allow the development of research supported by a well-dened
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structure, which in turn facilitates the creation of projects focused on solving the main problems
of the society and the generation of base knowledge for future research.
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